Sunrise on Devils Lake by Mitchell's Guide Service.
The Heart Of The
Mysterious Land
A Legend Of Devil’s
Lake
By Ohíyesa (The
Winner), aka Dr. Charles Eastman
GREAT PLAINS - Ohíyesa’s
wonderful first person narrative, "Indian Boyhood," is about his life growing up
as a traditional Dakȟóta. “I have put together these fragmentary recollections
of my thrilling wild life expressly for the little son who have to late to
behold for himself he drama of savage existence,” he wrote, in dedication to
his son, also named Ohíyesa. Here is an excerpt from his book, “Indian Boyhood."
The Animals Are Given
Different Form
“Tell me, good Weyuha,
a legend of your father’s country,” I said to him one evening, for I knew the
country which is now known as North Dakota and South Dakota and Southern
Manitoba was their ancient hunting ground. I was prompted by Uncheedah[1] to
make this request, after the old man had eaten at our lodge.
Many
years ago,
he began, as he passed the pipe to uncle, we
traveled from the Otter Tail to Minnewakan[2] (Devil's Lake). At that time the mound was very distinct
where Chotanka lies buried. The people of his immediate band had taken care to
preserve it.
This
mound under which lies the great medicine man is upon the summit of Minnewakan Chantay,[3]
the highest hill in all that region. It is shaped like an animal's heart placed
on its base, with the apex upward.
A view of Spirit Heart Butte from above. It is popularly known as "Devil's Heart Butte."
The reason why this hill is called Minnewakan Chantay, or the Heart of the Mysterious Land, I will now tell you. It has been handed down from generation to generation, far beyond the memory of our great-grandparents. It was in Chotanka's line of descent that these legends
were originally kept, but when he died the stories became everybody's, and then no one believed in them. It was told in this way.
The reason why this hill is called Minnewakan Chantay, or the Heart of the Mysterious Land, I will now tell you. It has been handed down from generation to generation, far beyond the memory of our great-grandparents. It was in Chotanka's line of descent that these legends
were originally kept, but when he died the stories became everybody's, and then no one believed in them. It was told in this way.
I sat facing him, wholly
wrapped in the words of the storyteller, and now I took a deep breath
and settled myself so
that I might not disturb him by the slightest movement while he was reciting
his tale. We were taught this courtesy to our elders, but I was impulsive and
sometimes forgot.
A
long time ago,
resumed Weyuha, the red people were many
in number, and they inhabited all the land from the coldest place to the region
of perpetual summer time. It seemed that they were all of one tongue, and all
were friends.
All the animals were
considered people in those days. The buffalo, the elk, the antelope, were
tribes of considerable importance. The bears were a smaller band, but they
obeyed the mandates of the Great Mystery[4]
and were his favorites, and for this reason they have always known more about
the secrets of medicine. So they were held in much honor. The wolves, too, were
highly regarded at one time. But the buffalo, elk, moose, deer and antelope
were the ruling people.
These
soon became conceited and considered themselves very important, and thought no
one could withstand them. The buffalo made war upon the smaller tribes, and
destroyed many. So one day the Great Mystery thought it best to change the
people in form and in language.
The hill, or butte, resembles a great lodge in shape.
He
made a great tent and kept it dark for ten days. Into this tent he invited the
different bands, and when they came out they were greatly changed, and some
could not talk at all after that. However, there is a sign language given to
all the animals that no man knows except some medicine men, and they are under
a heavy penalty if they should tell it.
The
buffalo came out of the darkened tent the clumsiest of all the animals. The elk
and moose were burdened with their heavy and many branched horns, while the
antelope and deer were made the most defenseless of animals, only that they are
fleet of foot. The bear and the wolf were made to prey upon all the others.
Man was alone then.
When the change came, the Great Mystery allowed him to keep his own shape and
language. He was king over all the animals, but they did not obey him. From
that day, man's spirit may live with the beasts before he is born a man. He
will then know the animal language but he cannot tell it in human speech. He
always retains his sympathy with them, and can converse with them in dreams.
I
must not forget to tell you that the Great Mystery pitched his tent in this
very region. Some legends say that the Minnewakan Chantay was the tent itself,
which afterward became earth and stones. Many of the animals were washed and
changed in this lake, the Minnewakan, or Mysterious Water. It is the only
inland water we know that is salt. No animal has ever swum in this lake and
lived.
"Tell me," I
eagerly asked, "is it dangerous to man also?"
Yes, he replied, we think so; and no Indian has ever ventured
in that lake to my knowledge. That is why the lake is called Mysterious, he
repeated.
"Attacking the Grizzly Bear" by George Catlin.
Life As A Grizzly Bear
I shall now tell you of
Chotanka. He was the greatest of medicine men. He declared that he was a
grizzly bear before he was born in human form. Weyuha seemed to become very earnest
when he reached this point in his story. Listen
to Chotanka's life as a grizzly bear.
“As a bear,” he used to say, “my home was in sight of
the Minnewakan Chantay. I lived with my mother only one winter, and I only saw
my father when I was a baby. Then we lived a little way from the Chantay to the
north, among scattered oak upon a hillside overlooking the Minnewakan.”
“When I first remember
anything, I was playing outside of our home with a buffalo skull that I had
found nearby. I saw something that looked strange. It walked upon two legs, and
it carried a crooked stick, and some red willows with feathers tied to them. It
threw one of the willows at me, and I showed my teeth and retreated within our
den.’”
“Just then my father
and mother came home with a buffalo calf. They threw down the dead calf, and
ran after the queer thing. He had long hair upon a round head. His face was
round, too. He ran and climbed up into a small oak tree.”
“My
father and mother shook him down, but not before he had shot some of his red
willows into their sides. Mother was very sick, but she dug some roots and ate
them and she was well again.” It was thus
that Chotanka was first taught the use of certain
roots for curing wounds and sickness,
Weyuha added.
"Hunting of the Grizzly Bear" by Karl Bodmer.
“One day,” he, Weyuha,
resumed the grizzly's story, “when I was out hunting with my mother, my father
had gone away and never came back, we found a buffalo cow with her calf in a
ravine. She advised me to follow her closely, and we crawled along on our
knees. All at once mother crouched down under the grass, and I did the same. We
saw some of those queer beings that we called ‘two legs' riding upon big-tail
deer (ponies). They yelled as they rode toward us. Mother growled terribly and
rushed upon them. She caught one, but many more came with their dogs and drove
us into a thicket. They sent the red willows singing after us, and two of them stuck
in mother's side. When we got away at last she tried to pull them out, but they
hurt her terribly. She pulled them both out at last, but soon after she lay
down and died.”
“I stayed in the woods
alone for two days. Then I went around the Minnewakan Chantay on the south side
and there made my lonely den. There I found plenty of hazel nuts, acorns and
wild plums. Upon the plains the teepsinna[5]
were abundant, and I saw nothing of my enemies.”
“One
day I found a footprint not unlike my own. I followed it to see who the
stranger might be. Upon the bluffs among the oak groves I discovered a
beautiful young female gathering acorns. She was of a different band from mine,
for she wore a jet black dress.”
“At first she was
disposed to resent my intrusion, but when I told her of my lonely life she
agreed to share it with me. We came back to my home on the south side of the
hill. There we lived happy for a whole year. When the autumn came again
Woshepee, for this was her name, said that she must make a warm nest for the
winter, and I was left alone again.”
"Purple Lightning" over Morton County, ND. Photo by Dee Brausch.
A Race Between Lightning And A Bear
Now, said Weyuha, I have come to a part of my story that few
people understand. All the long winter Chotanka slept in his den, and with the
early spring there came a great thunder storm. He was aroused by a frightful
crash that seemed to shake the hills, and lo! A handsome young man stood at his
door. He looked, but was not afraid, for he saw that the stranger carried none
of those red willows with feathered tips. He was unarmed and smiling.
“’I
come,’”said he, “’with a challenge to run a race. Whoever wins will be the hero
of his kind, and the defeated must do as the winner says thereafter. This is a
rare honor that I have brought you. The whole world will see the race. The
animal world will shout for you, and the spirits will cheer me on. You are not
a coward, and therefore you will not refuse my challenge.’”
“’No,” replied Chotanka, after a short hesitation.
The young man was fine looking, but
lightly
built.
“’We shall start from
the Chantay,[6]
and that will be our goal. Come, let us go, for the universe is waiting!’
impatiently exclaimed the stranger.’”
He
passed on in advance, and just then an old, old wrinkled man came to Chotanka's
door. He leaned forward upon his staff.
“My son,” he said to him, “I don't want to make
you a coward, but this young man is the greatest gambler of the universe. He
has powerful medicine. He gambles for life. Be careful! My brothers and I are
the only ones who have ever beaten him. But he is safe, for if he is killed he
can resurrect himself. I tell you he is great medicine.”
“However,
I think that I can save you. Listen! He will run behind you all the way until
you are within a short distance of the goal. Then he will pass you by in a
flash, for his name is Zig-Zag Fire![7]
(Lightning!). Here is my medicine.” So
speaking, he gave Chotanka a rabbit skin and the gum of a certain plant.
“When you come near the goal, rub yourself with the gum, and throw the rabbit
skin between you. He cannot pass you.”
“And who are you,
grandfather?” Chotahka inquired.
“I am the medicine
turtle,” the old man replied, “The
gambler is a spirit from heaven, and those whom he outruns must shortly die.
You have heard, no doubt, that all animals know beforehand when they are to be
killed; and any man who understands these mysteries may also know when he is to
die.”
The
race was announced to the world. The buffalo, elk, wolves and all the animals
came to look on. All the spirits of the air came also to cheer for their
comrade. In the sky the trumpet was sounded, the great medicine drum was
struck.[8]
It was the signal for a start. The course was around the Minnewakan.[9]
Everywhere the multitude cheered as the two sped by.
The
young man kept behind Chotanka all the time until they came once more in sight
of the Chantay. Then he felt a slight shock and he threw his rabbit skin back.
The stranger tripped and fell. Chotanka rubbed himself with the gum, and ran on
until he reached the goal. There was a great shout that echoed over the earth,
but in the heavens there was muttering and grumbling. The referee declared that
the winner would live to a good old age, and Zig-Zag Fire promised to come at
his call. He was indeed great medicine, Weyuha concluded.
“But you have not told
me how Chotanka became a man," I said.
Ohíyesa, Dr. Charles Eastman.
The Bear Is Reborn As A
Man
One
night a beautiful woman came to him in his sleep. She enticed him into her
white teepee[10] to
see what she had there. Then she shut the door of the teepee and Chotanka could
not get out. But the woman was kind and petted him so that he loved to stay in
the white teepee. Then it was that he became a human born. This is a long
story, but I think, Ohiyesa, that you will re- member it, said Weyuha, and so I
did.
[1] Uŋčí is the Dakȟóta/Lakȟóta word for maternal grandmother.
[2] Mníwakȟáŋ is literally “Water-With-Energy,” which is taken in the
context of this story to mean present-day Spirit Lake in North Dakota.
[3] Mníwakȟáŋ
Čhaŋté
is literally “Water-With-Energy Heart,” is in reference to the mound, a sand
volcano on the south side of Spirit Lake. According to tradition, the butte
resembles a heart, and it is this heart that serves as the lodge of a water
spirit. The butte, according to Ohíyesa, was the Creator’s lodge where he
transformed the animals into their present shape. After the animals were
transformed, the lodge became earth and stone. Contemporary North Dakotans call
this site, “Devil’s Heart Butte.”
[4] Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka is most often freely translated as “Great Mystery,”
it is literally “With-Energy Great,” and serves as a way to address the
Creator.
[5] Thíŋpšiŋla, the prairie turnip.
[6] Mníwakȟáŋ Čhaŋté, the butte.
[7] Wakȟáŋgli is “Lightning.”
[8]
Wakíŋyaŋ, or “Thunder.”
[9]
According to Ohíyesa, “That means around the earth or the
ocean.”
[10] Thiíkčeya is the proper word for
“Teepee,” though some use “Tipi” or Thipí interchangeably.
